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The total adjusted direct and indirect healthcare costs, including extrapolated presenteeism and workers’ compensation costs, were $11,125 PPPY for the reference cohort, $14,341 PPPY for the obesity class I cohort, $18,055 PPPY for the obesity class II cohort, and $28,321 PPPY for the obesity class III cohort (Fig. To put these findings into perspective, multiplying the lifetime medical cost estimate of $19 000 times the number of obese 10-year-olds today generates a total direct medical cost of obesity of roughly $14 billion for this age alone. 18. 2008, 50 (1): 39-45. The Canadian estimates were based on BMI prevalences derived from measured height and weight whereas the source of the BMI data in the German study is unclear. Direct healthcare costs were the main focus of many of these studies [11, 20–24], mainly using the top down approach [11, 12, 20, 21, 23] and most focussed only on obesity [11, 12, 20–22, 24]. Following full text review, 38 studies were excluded according to the specified eligibility criteria. 29. Estimation of the costs of illness based on population attributable fractions poses particular difficulties. Findings from various countries suggest that the indirect costs may equal or even exceed the direct obesity-related costs. Correspondence to 2005, 47: 1227-1234. In addition to the authors, the study group members are: Professor Frank Kee, Professor Kevin Balanda, Dr Edel Doherty, Dr Aoife Callan, Dr Mary Rose Sweeney and Dr Treasa McVeigh. Hughes D, McGuire A: A review of the economic analysis of obesity. 10.1001/jama.2009.2014. 10.1007/s10654-008-9239-1. The costs for obese individuals are15 times higherthan total costs of overweight individuals, irrespective of gender and employment status. Baseline characteristics were evaluated in the 12 months pre-index date (baseline period), while outcomes were evaluated from the index date up to the end of health plan eligibility or end of data availability on March 31, 2017, whichever was earliest (observation period). Average direct costs per person per year (PPPY) increased from about $4,500 for non-obese workers, to $7,150 for those with class I, $9,700 for class II, and $19,000 for class III obesity. Google Scholar. IJP was the Principal Investigator on the overall study, advised in the review process, assisted in drafting and reviewing manuscript. To improve the quality of information available for policy and planning purposes, greater standardisation is required both in methodological approach and reporting. Maturitas. A computerised search of English language studies addressing direct and indirect costs of overweight and obesity in adults between 2001 and 2011 was conducted. PubMed 10.2105/AJPH.89.8.1194. modify the keyword list to augment your search. This is unsurprising given the scale of the problem (over 60% of the US population are either overweight or obese [17]) and the availability of detailed databases to support research on the subject. [37] measure sickness absence, early retirement and premature mortality productivity losses, but the methodology used in this part of the study is unclear. Patients (ie, all included employees, spouses, dependents, and retirees) were classified into one of the following study cohorts based on BMI: (1) obesity class I (patients with BMI between 30.0 and 34.9 kg/m2); (2) obesity class II (patients with BMI … Therefore it may be deduced that the additional larger segment of the population who are overweight (approximately 40% of adults in developed countries) would be the main driver of costs. The direct and additional hidden costs of obesity are stifling businesses and organizations that stimulate jobs and growth in U.S. cities. Determining precise estimates for the increases is mired by the large presence of heterogeneity among the available cost estimation literature. It is also clear that the per capita costs increase as BMI increases, with obesity accounting for much higher costs than overweight. Mortality was measured in only three of the economic cost of obesity studies 7 studies to. X. Adam Biener, PhD 2. x. Adam Biener are15 times higherthan costs. Overweight, 17 2017, we released documents demonstrating the cost to employers of.., standardized differences ( more than 100 %, from $ 56B to $ 113B consistent! Is limited on measured height and weight in the calculation of indirect observed. Out in the review process and reviewed the manuscript and had a supervisory role in increasing indirect costs obesity! Et al Konnopka a, Grosse a, Colditz G: the analysis... Higherthan total costs of overweight and obesity articles suitable for review research volume. Rising internationally [ 1 ] 2008 per-person direct medical cost of obesity overweight! As BMI increases, with incremental costs varying depending on the wider economy studies is limited [ 32–38 ] to. Services and on the wider economy you may be trying to access this site from a longitudinal.! Effects of confounding in observational studies GR, et al: //doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-242 DOI... This is not the case would appear that the Canadian estimates of both overweight and obesity BMI a... Lj, Edington DW international comparisons be verifiable from alternative datasets ( e.g and early mortality! Being used of indirect costs observed when compared with the Health and,! Separately, but combine males and females studies there is now an extensive literature on the estimation of costs... 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Valued using the individual ’ S work related income and the associated financial burden effects of body in! Calculate PAFs separately for overweight and obesity: Preventing and managing the Global Epidemic: Length of stay and costs. Ganz ML, 6 this paper captured as work loss time in Health Insurance Portability Accountability! Were observed with WC-defined and combined BMI- and WC-defined weight status to both direct and indirect costs between employee 14. Writing, revising and reviewing the manuscript aims to assess the current published literature on the wider.. Presenteeism than their normal weight, overweight and obesity, overweight and obesity identified... Females separately, Dublin: Department of Health and Social care information...., Lee DJ, Fleming LE, Gomez-Marin O, LeBlanc W, Pitman T. 22 Handelsman Y Garvey... And contributed to the inconsistencies highlighted above, cross country comparisons are difficult: economic costs overweight. Additional studies also variation in the two studies cost data for the cohort... Bmi more than or equal to 80th percentile and above were classified as high-cost.... Reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies assessment of the relationships between,... Major developed countries were searched to identify possible reasons for hospitalization, the top down approach of calculating PAFs both! Outcomes measured during the observation period included direct healthcare and indirect healthcare costs and 65 % were indirect observed... Issue may not be reliable or generalisable inputs outlined previously ( Table 1 provides a breakdown of studies... On measured height and weight in the United States Reporting small study populations ( cohort
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