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is the hawaiian hawk endangered

The island of Hawaii, like the island chain, has fortunately evaded most hurricanes due to the surrounding cool water. This final rule incorporates the following changes, based on comments we received on our proposed rule: (1) The proposed rule stated the elevation range of the Hawaiian hawk was 1,000 to 8,530 feet (ft) (300 to 2,600 meters (m)). Some of these commenters also commented that climate change will increase drought frequency and intensity. The CCPs typically set goals and list needed actions to protect and enhance populations of key wildlife species on NWR lands. Under section 4(f)(1)(B)(ii), recovery plans must, to the maximum extent practicable, include: “Objective, measurable criteria which, when met, would result in a determination, in accordance with the provisions of [section 4 of the Act], that the species be removed from the list.” However, revisions to the List (adding, removing, or reclassifying a species) must reflect determinations made in accordance with sections 4(a)(1) and 4(b) of the Act. Fish & Wildlife Service is asking for input on a proposal to remove the Hawaiian hawk from the endangered species list. from 38 agencies. Our Response: We are delisting the Hawaiian hawk because the species no longer meets the definition of an endangered species or a threatened species under the Act. 1986, p. 79; Hall et al. Field biologists had already documented Hawaiian hawk abundance and distribution, and had assessed several factors that were thought to be limiting Hawaiian hawk population abundance (i.e., illegal shooting, habitat loss and degradation), all of which are recovery criteria to downlist the Hawaiian hawk from endangered status to threatened status, as outlined under Recovery Plan Implementation, below. Through 2013, Hawaii and Alaska were the only two States with no reported occurrences (human or bird) of WNV (State of Hawaii 2006, in litt. Again, the majority of comments opposed delisting the Hawaiian hawk. At this time, impacts from strawberry guava have not been shown to alter the Hawaiian hawk's population abundance or any stage of its life history. The hawk, which is endemic to Hawaii, was first listed as endangered in 1967. 658, 661). Hawaiian hawk to be removed from endangered list January 14, 2020 The U.S. The State of Hawaii's initiative, The Rain Follows the Forest, identified priority watersheds and outlined on-the-ground actions and projects required to sustain Hawaii's critical water sources (DLNR 2011, p. 1). They are most often trapped and killed to be stuffed as trophies. Approximately 754 sq mi (1,953 sq km), or 32 percent, of the Hawaiian hawk's habitat is located on protected lands in the form of State and Federal forests, parks, and refuges.Start Printed Page 179. Multiple regulatory mechanisms protect the Hawaiian hawk, and these regulatory mechanisms (i.e., the MBTA, National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997, Hawaii National Park Act of 1916, EPA, CITES, HRS 195-1, 50 CFR 21.29 and 21.30, and the State's HAR 13-124-3 and HAR 13-124-4) will continue to provide protection to the Hawaiian hawk in the future after delisting. L. 105-57, October 9, 1997) that established the protection of biodiversity as the primary purpose of the NWR System. Happy New Year! With increased community outreach regarding the Hawaiian hawk's status on the island of Hawaii, there no longer appears to be a substantive threat to the species from shooting (Mello 2007, pers. The decision regarding whether or not to reclassify the Hawaiian hawk from endangered to threatened status was postponed. Below, we address the first four of these specific threats to Hawaiian hawk habitat. This has led to various management actions to benefit federally listed species, including development of comprehensive conservation plans (CCPs) on NWRs. Once lava cools, native plants quickly recolonize through a process called primary succession, which refers to the progressive establishment of vegetation on a barren substrate (e.g., lava flow or glacial retreat). 2003, entire; Gorresen et al. documents in the last year, 67 Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. Projected temperature and precipitation change in Hawaii will facilitate the continued spread of strawberry guava from its present distribution in low- and middle-elevation, wet and mesic forests, into higher elevation montane forests dominated by native species (Denslow 2008, p. 1). (19) Comment: Several commenters felt we had not adequately addressed potential impacts of disease and feral ungulates to ohia. Although Hawaiian hawks may forage near the coast, it is unlikely that sea level rise will have any negative impacts on Hawaiian hawks in the foreseeable future. ); however, this incidence originated through exposure outside of the State, and there has not been a subsequent report (State of Hawaii Department of Health 2018, in litt. If post-delisting monitoring detects a significant decline in the Hawaiian hawk population, or a significant change in habitat so that it would not support a self-sustaining Hawaiian hawk population, relisting may be warranted. Approximately 55 percent of the land area within the Hawaiian hawk's range is designated for intensive agriculture, and a small portion of this for industrial and urban use. Even a large-scale catastrophe such as a major hurricane or fire is unlikely to cause the extinction or endangerment of a hawk that can effectively use regenerating forests as foraging areas and can nest in relatively small patches of older forests that are likely to remain intact following such an event. We have not made substantive changes in this final delisting rule based on the comments we received during the five comment periods on the August 6, 2008, proposed rule (73 FR 45680). In the meantime, we have other newsletters that you might enjoy. If, at any time during the monitoring period, data indicate that protective status under the Act should be reinstated, we can initiate listing procedures, including, if appropriate, emergency listing under section 4(b)(7) of the Act. At the time of listing in 1967, it was thought that the Hawaiian hawk population was in the low hundreds; however, there was little information pertaining to Hawaiian hawk abundance and distribution prior to listing, so this estimate has been questioned. The matter remained pending well into the twenty-first century. In accordance with our peer review policy published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we received expert opinion from four knowledgeable individuals with scientific expertise that included familiarity with the Hawaiian hawk and its habitat, biological needs, and threats. 12/31/2020, 306 2002, pp. (22) Comment: Several commenters stated concern that delisting Hawaiian hawks would remove the protections of the Endangered Species Act; therefore, Hawaiian hawks would be hunted and suffer other forms of persecution. Cats are an exception; however, cats have not been shown to be a limiting factor of Start Printed Page 171Hawaiian hawk abundance and survival. The amount of forested area on the island of Hawaii has increased in recent years due to restoration, conservation, and a shift in forestry practices toward native trees and more sustainable harvesting methods (Koch and Walter 2018, in litt.). Get occasional emails highlighting essays, analysis and opinion from IDEAS, Civil Beat's commentary section. Our Response: Although the earliest surveys were conducted using some methods that may have contributed to inaccuracies in the population estimates and later surveys have wide confidence intervals, early population survey results consistently indicate the Hawaiian hawk population remained between 2,000 and 2,500 individuals between 1983 and 1997, while the more recent survey data from 1998 and 2007-2008 indicate that the Hawaiian hawk has maintained a self-sustaining population of approximately 3,000 individuals for approximately 10 years. corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. If relisting the Hawaiian hawk is warranted, emergency procedures to relist the species may be followed, if necessary, in accordance with section 4(b)(7) of the Act. 70-72), the impact of ROD on Hawaiian hawks is yet to be determined. When the Trump administration announced in October 2018 that it wanted to remove the Hawaiian hawk from its list of threatened and endangered species the plan was met with skepticism, particularly from the state of Hawaii. Document page views are updated periodically throughout the day and are cumulative counts for this document. Most of this was within already existing suburban areas; however, some was in adjacent mixed native-exotic and mature native forest. Island-wide, there has been an increase in forested areas, particularly native forest areas (Koch and Walter 2018, in litt.). We also considered all comments and information we received during all comment periods. The proposed delisting was based on rangewide population estimates (Griffin 1985, entire; Hall et al. (36) Comment: One commenter stated that the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) is not as efficient as the Endangered Species Act and expressed concern that decreased protections for Hawaiian hawks will result in intentional harm to them. 1997, entire; Klavitter 2000, pp. We expect that the Hawaiian hawk's susceptibility to climate change effects is low into the foreseeable future given the range and diversity of habitats occupied by the species, the adaptability of the species, and its resistance to bird diseases such as avian malaria and avian pox virus. The Hawaiian hawk is a small, broad-winged hawk endemic to (found only in) the Hawaiian islands, and is the only extant (still in the wild) member of the family Accipitridae endemic to the Hawaiian islands (Berger 1981, p. 83; Olson and James 1982, p. 35). Under the authority of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act), we, the U.S. (20) Comment: Many commenters noted they had heard of Hawaiian hawks being shot by farmers and hunters. Since then, studies have shown that Hawaiian hawks nest, breed, and feed in both native and nonnative habitats, and eat a variety of nonnative prey (. See more ideas about Hawaiian, Endangered, Hawk. Approximately 24,000 ac (9,712 ha) (less than 2 percent of Hawaiian hawk habitat island-wide) of former sugarcane fields were being cultivated for eucalyptus production and “thousands of additional acres” were being planned as of 2005 (County of Hawaii 2005a, as amended 2014, pp. Courtesy Hawaii Department of Public Safety, Stay Up To Date On The Coronavirus And Other Hawaii Issues. To do the “screening” analysis, we ask whether there are portions of the species' range for which there is substantial information indicating that: (1) The portion may be significant; and (2) the species may be, in that portion, either in danger of extinction or likely to become so in the foreseeable future. Combined, these efforts have improved over 19,000 ac (7,689 ha) of forested watershed habitat on the island of Hawaii (DLNR 2011, p. 16). The precipitous decrease in population led the U.S. Why we need to publish a rule. The 5,300-ac (2,145-ha) Kona Forest Unit was added to the Hakalau Forest NWR in 1997. Our Response: Large portions of the Hawaiian hawk's range on Hawaii are in montane upland areas that are potentially more vulnerable to damage from hurricanes, Should the eye of a powerful hurricane strike the island of Hawaii it would cause widespread damage to ohia trees and other trees Hawaiian hawks use for nesting and perching, which would create conditions that may allow for expansion of nonnative, ecosystem-disrupting plants. The Hawaiian hawk is not currently threatened by habitat loss or degradation, overutilization, disease, predation, lack of adequate regulatory mechanisms, or other factors. Mean Hawaiian hawk density in native forests is almost four times greater than Hawaiian hawk density in areas with housing development (Gorresen et al. In all successful nests monitored (n=113), only one young fledged per nest (Klavitter et al. documents in the last year, 105 The Act does not define the term “foreseeable future.” Our implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.11(d) set forth a framework within which we evaluate the foreseeable future on a case-by-case basis. Most urban and exurban growth is occurring in or adjacent to already developed areas. Fish and Wildlife Service to list the Hawaiian hawk as endangered in 1967. headings within the legal text of Federal Register documents. We conclude that Hawaiian hawk viability is not currently at risk from environmental fluctuations. More refined survey, modeling, and other analytical computer programs have enhanced our understanding of the Hawaiian hawk population. She pointed out that the bird is only found on the Big Island whereas before its historical range encompassed all the major islands in the archipelago, even as far off as Kauai. Hawaiian hawks were distributed across the island of Hawaii and occupied virtually all forest types, native and nonnative, except for the extremely arid parts of the island (e.g., grasslands of the northwest part of the island and Kau desert) (Scott et al. The hawks are viewed as a very significantly important bird because they are the only species of hawk on the Hawaiian Islands, and they are unfortunately endangered since 1967 under the Federal Endangered Species Act. 514-515; Vecchi and Soden 2007, pp. Additionally, the State is moving away from planting exotic timber tree species and toward planting native species when economically feasible (Koch and Walter 2018, in litt.). Our Response: We agree that zoning changes from agricultural to residential and subdivision of agricultural lands will encourage housing or other development in these areas, which may negatively affect Hawaiian hawk habitat. A recent study was commissioned by the Service to quantify the exposure of a bat and several bird species, including Hawaiian hawks, to rodenticides in Hawaii. “We don’t see this delisting as a victory for the Endangered Species Act, as was exemplified with the nene,” Case said in an interview. We invite you to try out our new beta eCFR site at https://ecfr.federalregister.gov. The Hawaiian hawk was likely more abundant at the time of listing than data at that time indicated, and the species has maintained a stable population of approximately 3,000 individuals for decades. There was no change in the estimated number of individuals in the population, the range was not contracting, and that Hawaiian hawks occurred in both native and nonnative habitats. (2) Comment: One peer reviewer commented conducting surveys along roadways and using audio playback recordings may have biased Hawaiian hawk population survey results. The io, as it is also known, hunts alone, resting and nesting in the verdant forests of the Big Island of Hawaii. documents in the last year, 9 We also examined the potential for the cumulative impact of such unsubstantive threats to be greater than the impact from each individual threat. 2008, entire). Not so for the ‘io, said Noah Greenwald, the center’s endangered species director. Hurricane or tropical storm Iselle is the strongest tropical storm to make landfall on the island of Hawaii in recorded history. If post-delisting monitoring shows a significant decline in Hawaiian hawk population abundance or detects that the habitat quality or quantity is being altered or destroyed such that it does not or will not properly support a self-sustaining, viable Hawaiian hawk population, a relisting may be warranted. 1997, pp. While stations mostly followed roads due to the need to survey many widely dispersed stations throughout the range of the Hawaiian hawk, counts were conducted at locations away from the road to ensure traffic noise was limited. 1361-1407; 1531-1544; and 4201-4245, unless otherwise noted. “Yes, the hawk is limited to one island, but it’s a large island so if something like a hurricane comes along it’s not going to hit the whole island,” Koob said. 119-121; Griffin et al. Some biofuel crops will continue to provide suitable foraging areas while others may not. The purpose of this PDM is to verify that a species remains secure from risk of extinction after the protections of the Act are removed, by developing a program that detects the failure of any delisted species to sustain itself. Using the 2007 survey data, they estimated the population to number 3,085 hawks (95 percent CI=2,496 to 3,680). The legs, feet, and cere (fleshy area between the eye and bill) are yellow in adults and bluish-green in juveniles (Griffin 1985, pp. edition of the Federal Register. Federal Register issue. Additionally, as noted in the document we published in the Federal Register on October 30, 2018 (83 FR 54561), there are ongoing and increasingly productive conservation actions, such as: Additional activities implemented by the public and private organizations and partnerships on the island of Hawaii include programs that implement fencing inspections and necessary replacements, native species surveys, greenhouse and native plant propagation, prevention of the spread of ROD, and outreach. Additionally, the potential biofuel crops vary in terms of their feasibility and potential impacts to the Hawaiian hawk. Building of subdivisions on agriculture lands will likely have adverse effects on Hawaiian hawks because of loss of trees for nesting and perching, and possible effects of human disturbance. All substantive information provided during the comment periods has been incorporated directly into this final determination (see Summary of Changes from the Proposed Rule, above) or is addressed below. Civil Beat ® is a registered trademark of Honolulu Civil Beat Inc. Further, there are many ongoing conservation efforts to restore native habitats on the island of Hawaii that benefit Hawaiian hawks by providing potential breeding, nesting, and foraging habitat (e.g., perches). Our Response: We concur that there is no evidence that the Hawaiian hawk's range is contracting, that data indicate the species' population is stable, and that Hawaiian hawks breed and forage in both native and nonnative habitats. Another potential threat is the conversion of current agricultural lands to crops for biodiesel fuel production (Gorresen et al. 2008, entire), which used updated methodology, corrected for errors in past abundance estimates and showed the population abundance of Hawaiian hawks has been approximately 3,000 birds for the past 30 years; and to better convey the severity of the threats associated with loss or degradation of habitat, WNV, and conversion of agricultural land to eucalyptus. After evaluating threats to the species and assessing the cumulative effect of the threats under the section 4(a)(1) factors, we reviewed the information available in our files and other available published and unpublished information, and we consulted with recognized experts and other Federal, State, and Native Hawaiian organizations. Our Response: Hawaiian hawks are top predators, and most nonnative species that are predators of other native animal species are actually prey to Hawaiian hawks (e.g., rats, mice, mongoose). 22-26). 104-107, 194; Griffin et al. “We didn’t get any new information during the public comment period so we took that as being the best available.”. ), “the sulfuric acid droplets in vog have the corrosive properties of dilute battery acid. In addition, OHA stated concern that the current population of approximately 3,000 Hawaiian hawks was inadequate to delist the species at least partially due to the species' vulnerability to a single large catastrophic event given Hawaiian hawks currently exist only on Hawaii. FWS-R1-ES-2007-0024 and on the Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office's website (http://www.fws.gov/​pacificislands/​). They found that the female Hawaiian hawk eats as much daily as a male bald eagle in captivity. (3) Identify factors limiting the Hawaiian hawk population: No factors are considered to be currently limiting the Hawaiian hawk population (USFWS 1984, p. 8; IRWG 2001, pp. This information is not part of the official Federal Register document. Four Hawaiian hawk carcasses had detectable levels of bromadiolone, 12 had detectable levels of brodifacoum, and 4 had detectable levels of difethialone; one carcass had detectable levels of all three SGARs, and 5 Start Printed Page 170carcasses had detectable levels of two SGARs. To better explain these conservation efforts, we added information under our Factor A discussion, above. In addition, the current successful management of strawberry guava which involves use of the biocontrol agent, Tectococcus ovatus is expected to result in a noticeable decrease in the spread of strawberry guava in the future. The Hawaiian hawk was listed as endangered on March 11, 1967 (32 FR 4001), based on its restricted range on the island of Hawaii, its small population size, which at the time was thought to be in the low hundreds (Berger 1981, p. 83), and the assumption that it was DLNR director Suzanne Case argued that the Hawaiian hawk, or ‘io, should not be removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered species. While we recognize that ROD is a threat to the integrity of native ohia forests and species solely dependent on ohia trees, Hawaiian hawks are not solely dependent on native forests and are highly adaptable. Since 1871, eight hurricanes, or remnants thereof, have caused substantial damage in Hawaii. 395-397). The feds say the Hawaiian hawk, or ‘io, is no longer at risk of extinction. Additionally, because the Hawaiian hawk is broadly distributed on the island and can use a variety of habitats, the potential future conversion of a relatively small amount of its habitat (less than 1 percent) surrounding existing urban uses is not a threat to the viability of the species. 9-11) all identified loss of preferred nesting and foraging habitats as a potential threat to the Hawaiian hawk. The 104-107, 194; Griffin et al. Please see our discussion above under Factor D. (35) Comment: One commenter expressed concern that little fire ants are blinding Hawaiian hawks. The fight over the Hawaiian hawk began decades before Trump was elected, and spanned several administrations. 38, 96; Klavitter et al. Some of these also commented that Hawaiian hawk females typically only produce one to three eggs per year, and most frequently only one. 2008, p. 24). Such investigation will determine if the Hawaiian hawk warrants expanded monitoring, additional research, additional habitat protection, or relisting as an endangered or a threatened species under the Act. In determining whether a species in danger of extinction within the foreseeable future, we need to be able to reasonably determine that both the future threats and the species' responses to those threats are likely. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park protects 330,086 ac (133,581 ha) of public land on Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes on the southeastern side of Hawaii Island (NPS 2017, p. 3). 7-8, 12-13, 26); however, they are still allowed for certain commercial uses in specific quantities and designated areas (e.g., within and around agricultural buildings). First, it was the nene goose, Hawaii’s state bird. Nick Grube is a reporter for Civil Beat. documents in the last year, 984 Our Response: After reviewing the best available scientific and commercial data, we conclude that the Hawaiian hawk has recovered such that it does not meet the definition of a threatened species or endangered species. 4321 et seq. The Hawaiian hawk, or ‘io, is no longer on the federal list of endangered or threatened species. comm.). The property is to be disposed of and accounted for by the Secretary. provide legal notice to the public or judicial notice to the courts. The Fund used that hawk for public outreach events and took it to schools. 1997, pp. (10) Comment: Many commenters suggested agricultural practices may be having a negative effect on Hawaiian hawk habitat. Additionally, Griffin (1998, p. 661) found little evidence the Hawaiian hawk was adversely affected by bird disease (avian pox and avian malaria) (Griffin 1998, p. 661). These can be useful on (see also “Conversion of Sugarcane Fields to Unsuitable Habitat,” above). For instance, when the agency announced in December that the nene, Hawaii’s state bird, was being downlisted from endangered to threatened, the Center for Biological Diversity proclaimed the nene a “recovery success story.”. However, even if all 80,000 ac (32,375 ha) of the potential lands for cultivating forests in the Hamakua coast were converted to eucalyptus trees (County of Hawaii 2005a, as amended 2014, p. 14-20) in the foreseeable future, that would Start Printed Page 173represent less than 5 percent of Hawaiian hawk habitat island-wide. And demographic study of the daily Federal Register documents farmers and hunters an... Only pesticides that have been conducted via is the hawaiian hawk endangered and other optimal breeding sites for mosquitoes transmit! Have demonstrated resistance to vog ( Nelson and Sewake 2008, entire ) and! 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