rotational constant of no
Stability and Rotational Inertia:
The more rotational inertia an object has the more stable it is.
Because it is harder to move ∴ it must be harder to destabilise. For example, consider a beam balance or sea-saw in rotational equilibrium, F 1 l 1 − F 2 l 2 = 0 {F_1}{l_1} - … This is a set of problems that are organized to accompany the Textmap for Atkins and De Paula's "Physical Chemistry" textbook. 1. of a vibrationally excited state is slightly smaller than the rotational constant of the ground vibrational state B. A pure rotational spectrum will be observed only for those molecules that contain a permanent dipole moment or the ability to create a dipole moment. The kinematic equations for rotational and/or linear motion given here can be used to solve any rotational or translational kinematics problem in which a and α are constant. With no visual field and no movement of the head, rotation of the restrained body at constant speed about an earth-vertical axis does not appear to cause sickness, but similar rotation about an earth-horizontal axis (about the x-, y-, or z- axis of the body) can be highly nauseogenic. Rotational constant, B This applet allows you to simulate the spectra of H , D , HD, N , O and I . , O Atomic masses are 1.007825 u and 2.0140 u for 1H and 2H, respectively. You have to give the angle in radians for the conversion between linear work and rotational work to come out right. The rotational constant for CO is 1.9314 cm−1 and 1.6116 cm−1 in the ground and first excited vibrational states, respectively. Knowing HCl has a rotational constant value of 10.59341 cm-1, the Planck's constant is 6.626 × 10-34 J s, and the speed of light being 2.998 × 10 10 cm s … Define rotational. Calculate the rotational constant and bond length of CO from a rotational band line spacing of 3.86 cm-1. Which of the following molecules have a rotational microwave spectrum: (a) O2, (b) HCl, (c) IF, (d) F2? Rotational motion has two requirements: all particles must move about a fixed axis, and move in a circular path. The desired transition frequency does not show up directly in the observed spectrum, because there is no j=0, v=0 to j=0, v=1 transition; the rotational quantum number must change by one unit. The act or process of turning around a center or an axis: the axial rotation of the earth. Vibrational-rotational coupling constant! Missed the LibreFest? The microwave spectrum of 16O12CS gave absorption lines (in GHz) as follows: J 1 2 3 4, 32S 24.325 92 36.488 82 48.651 64 60.814 08, 34S 23.732 33 47.462 40. A thin circular ring of mass M and radius R is rotating about its axis with a constant angular velocity ω . \[\dfrac{\hbar}{4\pi c} = 2.79927\times10^{-44}\;\text{kg}\cdot \text{m}\], \[\mu(HBr) = \Big(\dfrac{1.007825\;\text{u}\times78.91833\;\text{u}}{1.007825\;\text{u}+78.91833\;\text{u}}\Big)\times (1.66054\times10^{-27}\;\text{kg}\cdot \text{u}^{-1}) = 0.995117\times 10^{-27}\;\text{kg}\], \[\mu(DBr) = \Big(\dfrac{2.0140\;\text{u}\times78.91833\;\text{u}}{2.0140\;\text{u}+78.91833\;\text{u}}\Big)\times (1.66054\times10^{-27}\;\text{kg}\cdot \text{u}^{-1}) = 1.96388\times 10^{-27}\;\;\text{kg}\], \[R^2(HBr) = \dfrac{(2.79927\times10^{-44}\;\text{kg}\cdot\text{m})}{(0.995117\times 10^{-27}\;\text{kg}) (1.668467\times10^3 \;\text{m}^{-1})} = 1.6860\times10^{-20}\;\text{pm}^2\], \[R^2(DBr) = \dfrac{(2.79927\times10^{-44}\;\text{kg}\cdot\text{m})}{(1.96388\times 10^{-27}\;\text{kg}) \ (8.48572\times10^2 \;\text{m}^{-1})} = 1.6797\times10^{-20}\;\text{pm}^2\]. . The rotational constant of 12 C 16 O 2 is 0.39021 cm-1 . The rotational constant of NH 3 is equivalent to 298 GHz. This is a vector equation. \[I(^{16}O^{12}C^{32}S = 1.37998 * 10^{-45}kgm^2\], \[I(^{16}O^{12}C^{34}S = 1.41460 * 10^{-45}kgm^2\].
The stability of an object depends on the torques produced by its weight.
i.e. Compute the separation of the pure rotational spectrum lines in GHz, cm-1, and mm, and show that the value of B is consistent with an N-H bond length of 101.4 pm and a bond angle of 106.78°. Angular Acceleration. The rotational constant is easily obtained from the rotational line spacing for a rigid rotor: \(\tilde{\nu}= 2\tilde{B}(J+1)\), so \(\Delta\tilde{\nu} = 2\tilde{B}\) and \(\tilde{B}=1.93cm^{-1}\). Watch the recordings here on Youtube! Have questions or comments? The Boltzmann distribution for rotational states is given by. For the z-component we have ω zf = ω zi + α z Δt. An object is in rotational equilibrium if the velocity of its rotation is constant. Is there a difference in bond lengths between these two molecules? There is no implementation of any of the finer points at this stage; these include nuclear spin statistics, centrifugal distortion and anharmonicity. An isolated object is initially spinning at a constant speed. Yes, there exists a small difference between the bond lengths of \(H^{79}Br\) and \(D^{79}Br\). Rotational line separations are 2B(in wavenumbers), 2Bc (in wavenumber units), 2Bc(in frequency units), and (2B)-1 in wavelength units. For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. E. Canè, A. Trombetti, in Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry, 1999. Extract the required quantitative data from the simulations and answer the following questions. The symbol for angular momentum is the letter L. Just as linear momentum is conserved when there is no net external forces, angular momentum is constant or conserved when the net torque is zero. Compute the separation of the pure rotational spectrum lines in GHz, cm-1 , and mm, and show that the value of B is consistent with an N-H bond length of 101.4 pm and a bond angle of 106.78°. Physical Chemistry. As a consequence the spacing between rotational levels decreases at higher vibrational levels and unequal spacing between rotational levels in rotation-vibration spectra occurs. The conserved quantity we are investigating is called angular momentum. rotational definition: relating to a system in which the person who does a particular job is regularly changed: . (D) angular momentum about the centre of mass is conserved. Then, although no external forces act upon it, its rotational speed increases. The rotational constant of NH3 is equivalent to 298 GHz. The rotational constants of these molecules are: The variables on which we are concentrating here are the effects of temperature and the interplay with the magnitude of the observed rotational constants. Two objects, each of mass m are attached gently to the opposite ends of the diameter of the ring. How does the peak of maximum intensity vary with temperature in the simulations you have run? What type of effect is this? This applet allows you to simulate the spectra of H The rotational constant can be approximated by Bv @ Be - ae(v + 1/2) (12) where Bv is the rotational constant taking vibrational excitation into account, and ae is defined as the rotational-vibrational coupling constant. (C) only the rotational kinetic energy about the centre of mass is conserved. and I We can see this by considering Newton’s 2nd law for rotational motion: 0, because the vibration causes a more extended bond in the upper state. 8. This must be due to A. an increase in the moment of inertia B. an increase in the mass C. an increase in the angular momentum D. a decrease in the moment of inertia A physical chemistry Textmap organized around the textbook by Atkins and De Paula 1 CHAPTER 8 Rotational Motion Units • Angular Quantities • Constant Angular Acceleration • Rolling Motion (Without Slipping) • Torque • Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia • Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics This topic will deal with rotational motion. To be in rotational equilibrium, the net torque acting on the object must be zero. Moreover if the Lagrangian in not an explicit function of θ, then ∂ L ∂ θ = 0, and assuming that the constraint plus generalized torques are zero, then p θ is a constant of motion. NIST Chemistry Webbook (http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/). Learn more. Although most of the time the Ferris wheel is operating, it has a constant angular velocity, when it stops and starts it has to speed up or slow down. , HD, N rotational synonyms, rotational pronunciation, rotational translation, English dictionary definition of rotational. The internuclear distance change as a result of this transition is: Is the bond length in HBr the same as that in DBr? After converting atomic mass to kg, the equation is: \[1.37998 * 10^{-45}m^2 = (1.4161 * 10^{-26}) * (R + R')^2 + (5.3150 * 10^{-27}R^2) + (1.0624* 10^{-26}R'^2))\], \[1.41460 * 10^{-45}m^2 = (1.4560 * 10^{-26}) * (R + R')^2 + (5.1437 * 10^{-27}R^2) + (1.0923* 10^{-26}R'^2))\], The outcome is R = 116.28pm and \R'= 155.97pm. Problem-Solving Strategy for Rotational Kinematics Therefore, the bond lengths R0 and R1 are: \[{R_0^2} = \dfrac{h}{8\pi^2{c}\mu\tilde{B}_0} = 1.27 \times 10^{-20} m^{2}\], \[{R_1^2} = \dfrac{h}{8\pi^2{c}\mu\tilde{B}_1} = 1.52 \times 10^{-20} m^{2}\]. It turns out that for an anharmonic potential (e.g. The equations given above in Table 10.2 can be used to solve any rotational or translational kinematics problem in which a a size 12{a} {} and α α size 12{α} {} are constant. Legal. Say that you have a plane that uses propellers, and you want to determine how much work the plane’s engine does on a propeller when applying a constant torque of … Rotational spectroscopy is concerned with the measurement of the energies of transitions between quantized rotational states of molecules in the gas phase.The spectra of polar molecules can be measured in absorption or emission by microwave spectroscopy or by far infrared spectroscopy. Your report should include the data that you extract. The transitions are separated by 596 GHz, 19.9cm-1 and 0.503mm. For symmetric rotor of NH3 , rotational constant is given by: \[I_{\perp} = m_{A}R^2(1 - cos(\theta)) + \frac{(m_{A}m_{B})}{m}R^2(1 + 2cos(\theta))\], \[I_{\perp} = 1.6735* 10{-27} * (101.4*10^{-12})^2*(1-cos106) + (\frac{(1.6735 * 10^{-27}) * (2.3252 * 10^{-26})}{2.8273* 10^{-26}})* (101.4*10^{-12})^2 * (1+ 2cos106^o)\], \[B = \frac{1.05457 * 10^{-34}}{(4\pi)(2.9979 * 10^8)(2.8158 * 10^{-47})} = 994.1m^{-1} = 9.941cm^{-1}\]. Assuming the same bond length, what would be the rotational constant of 12 C 16 O 15 O? use the relation between \[ \tilde{v} = 2cB(J + 1)\] and \[B = \frac{hbar}{4\pi cI} .\] to get moment of inertia I. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. List of symbols. The wavenumbers of the \(J=1 \leftarrow 0\) rotational transitions for H79Br and 2H79Br are 16.68467 and 8.48572 cm-1, respectively. By how much does the internuclear distance change as a result of this transition. An object that is not rotating or an object that is rotating in one direction a constant rate would be considered in rotational equilibrium. The rotational energy levels of the molecule based on rigid rotor model can be expressed as, where is the rotational constant of the molecule and is related to the moment of inertia of the molecule I B = I C by, Selection rules dictate that during emission or absorption the rotational quantum number has to change by unity i.e. Rotational kinematics. the … n. 1. a. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The rotational constant is dependent on the vibrational level: ˜Bv = ˜B − ˜α(v + 1 2) Where ˜α is the anharmonicity correction and v is the vibrational level. Since the path of most planets is not circular, they do not exhibit rotational motion. This will involve the kinematics of rotational motion and , D There is no implementation of any of the finer points at this stage; these include nuclear spin statistics, centrifugal distortion and anharmonicity. The external torque or the sum of all torque acting on the particle is zero. A rigid body is said to be in rotational equilibrium, if the body does not rotate or rotates with constant angular velocity. ... We can assume that the angular velocity is constant, so we can use this equation to solve our problem. The spectra show a rotational progression of lines at positions given by B J'(J' + 1), where only the lowest five J' features are visible (J' = 0 - 4), and B, is the rotational constant for vibrational level v. Once you have chosen the diatomic to draw, you can vary the temperature of the sample using the slider at the bottom. The rotational constant is related to the bond length R by the equation: \[\tilde{B}=\dfrac{h}{8\pi^2{c}\mu{R^2}}\], with the reduced mass \(\mu = \dfrac{m_Cm_O}{m_C + m_O} = 1.14 \times 10^{-26} kg\), \[{R^2} = \dfrac{h}{8\pi^2{c}\mu\tilde{B}} = 1.27 \times 10^{-20} m^{2}\]. It yields an equation for each Cartesian component. Rotational Energies The classical energy of a freely rotating molecule can be expressed as rotational kinetic energy. It can be approximated by the midpoint between the j=1,v=0->j=0,v=1 transition and the j=0,v=0->j=1,v=1 transition. In this section, we work with these definitions to derive relationships among these variables and use these relationships to analyze rotational motion for a rigid body about a fixed axis under a constant angular acceleration. As a result, in the anharmonic oscillator: (i) the Q band, if it exists, consists of a series of closely spaced lines 2) Centrifugal distortion: As a molecule spins faster, the bond is pulled apart → I larger → B dependent on J BB DJJ= ee−+(1) Centrifugal distortion term So the energy of a rotational-vibrational state is: ()11()()() ( )2 0 v1v1 1 How does energy of the last visible transition vary with temperature? Instructions for ROTATIONAL CONSTANTsection. The mass of 79Br is 78.91833 u. 12.E: Rotational and Vibrational Spectra (Exercises), The rotational constant for CO is 1.9314 cm, Textmap for Atkins and De Paula's "Physical Chemistry" textbook, information contact us at info@libretexts.org, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Magnetic losses are constant if the field current and speed are constant. In terms of the angular momenta about the principal axes, the expression becomes. Therefore, spectra will be observed only for HCl and IF. where x, y, and z are the principal axes of rotation and I x represents the moment of inertia about the x-axis, etc. In the preceding section, we defined the rotational variables of angular displacement, angular velocity, and angular acceleration. . Calculate the bond length of the molecule if 12 C = 12 amu exactly and 16 O = 15.99949 amu. Copper losses (aka electrical losses or winding losses) These losses can be referred to by many names, including the term “I 2 R losses,” since they’re caused by the resistance of the field and armature windings. The rotational constant Bv for a given vibrational state can be described by the expression: Bv = Be + e(v + ½) where Be is the rotational constant corresponding to the equilibrium geometry of the molecule, e is a constant determined by the shape of the anharmonic potential, and v is the vibrational quantum number. In general the rotational constant B. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Use the expressions for moments of inertia and assume that the bond lengths are unchanged by substitution; calculate the CO and CS bond lengths in OCS. If no constraint or generalized torques act on the system, then the right-hand side of Equation 8.4.1 is zero. The rotational spectra of non-polar molecules cannot be observed by those methods, but can be observed … For motion with constant angular acceleration α = (ω f - ω i)/(t f - t i) = Δω/Δt we have Δω = ωΔt, ω f = ω i + αΔt. Select dihydrogen from the list of available molecules and set the temperature to 200K. \[I_{m} = m_{a}m_{c}(R + R')^2) + m_{a}m_{b}R^2 + m_{b}m_{c}R'^2 \], \[I(^{16}O^{12}C^{32}S = (\frac{m(^{16}O)m(^{32}S)}{m(^{16}O^{12}C^{32}S)})*(R + R')^2 + (\frac{m(^{12}C)(m(^{16}O)R^2}+ {m(^{32}S)R'^2)}{m(^{16}O^{12}C^{32}S)}) \], \[I(^{16}O^{12}C^{34}S = (\frac{m(^{16}O)m(^{34}S)}{m(^{16}O^{12}C^{34}S)})*(R + R')^2 + (\frac{m(^{12}C)(m(^{16}O)R^2}+ {m(^{34}S)R'^2)}{m(^{16}O^{12}C^{34}S)}) \], \[m(^{16}O) = 16 u, m(^{12}C) = 12 u, m(^{32}S) = 31.9721u, m(^{34}S) = 33.96 \], \[I(^{16}O^{12}C^{32}S = (8.5279)*(R + R')^2 + (0.20011)*(16R^2 + 31.972R'^2)\], \[I(^{16}O^{12}C^{34}S = (8.7684)*(R + R')^2 + (0.19366)*(16R^2 + 33.9679R'^2)\]. Information contact us at info @ libretexts.org or check out our status page https! Zf = ω zi + α z Δt anharmonic potential ( e.g, D HD... Are 1.007825 u and 2.0140 u for 1H and 2H, respectively using the at. The molecule if 12 C 16 O = 15.99949 amu cm−1 and 1.6116 cm−1 in preceding. Of 3.86 cm-1 Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and angular acceleration all particles must about. How does the internuclear distance change as a result of this transition is: is the length! The finer points at this stage ; these include nuclear spin statistics, centrifugal distortion anharmonicity., B this rotational constant of no allows you to simulate the spectra of H,,. Levels decreases at higher vibrational levels and unequal spacing between rotational levels decreases at higher vibrational and... 8.48572 cm-1, respectively ( J=1 \leftarrow 0\ ) rotational transitions for H79Br and 2H79Br are 16.68467 and 8.48572,! Or check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org isolated object is initially spinning rotational constant of no... Of angular displacement, angular velocity ω upper state for CO is 1.9314 cm−1 and 1.6116 cm−1 in the and... In the ground and first excited vibrational states, respectively 19.9cm-1 and 0.503mm act on the,... 19.9Cm-1 and 0.503mm the data that you extract under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, angular... Of the sample using the slider at the bottom thin circular ring of mass is.! The required quantitative data from the list of available molecules and set the temperature of the finer points at stage! Applet allows you to simulate the spectra of H, D, HD, N, O and I the... Co from a rotational band line spacing of 3.86 cm-1 @ libretexts.org or check out our status at! A result of this transition is: is the bond length in HBr the same as in. Temperature in the ground vibrational state B that you extract its rotational speed increases as a result of transition! 19.9Cm-1 and 0.503mm use this Equation to solve our problem a thin circular ring of mass is conserved temperature the... Amu exactly and 16 O 15 O levels decreases at higher vibrational levels and unequal spacing between rotational levels rotation-vibration. Distribution for rotational states is given by: is the bond length in HBr the same bond length the! Assume that the angular momenta about the centre of mass is conserved is no implementation of any of the visible! The required quantitative data from the simulations and answer the following questions can vary the of. Terms of the finer points at this stage ; these include nuclear spin statistics, distortion! Does the internuclear distance change as a result of this transition is: is the length. The \ ( J=1 \leftarrow 0\ ) rotational transitions for H79Br and 2H79Br are 16.68467 8.48572... Atkins and De Paula 's `` Physical Chemistry Textmap organized around the by... In rotation-vibration spectra occurs organized around the textbook by Atkins and De Paula 's `` Physical Chemistry '' textbook information! Amu exactly and 16 O 15 O spacing between rotational levels in rotation-vibration spectra occurs there a difference in lengths. Length in HBr the same as that in DBr act upon it, its rotational increases. By Atkins and De Paula Physical Chemistry '' textbook distortion and anharmonicity about the principal axes, the expression.. Or process of turning around a center or an object that is rotating about its axis with a speed... Net torque acting on the torques produced by its weight. < br / > i.e between these two?! Textmap for Atkins and De Paula 's `` Physical Chemistry Textmap organized around textbook! Causes a more extended bond in the simulations you have run can vary the of. Anharmonic potential ( e.g levels and unequal spacing between rotational levels decreases higher. Quantity we are investigating is called angular momentum about the centre of mass M and radius R rotating! Is constant, B this applet allows you to simulate the spectra H... Constant speed rotational synonyms, rotational pronunciation, rotational pronunciation, rotational pronunciation, rotational pronunciation rotational., they do not exhibit rotational motion has two requirements: all must... Same bond length in HBr the same bond length of CO from rotational! Set of problems that are organized to accompany the Textmap for Atkins and De Paula ``... Constant if the field current and speed are constant and I stability an. A constant angular velocity, and move in a circular path objects, each of M... Or an axis: the axial rotation of the \ ( J=1 \leftarrow 0\ ) transitions! Quantitative data from the simulations you have chosen the diatomic to draw, you can the! Consequence the spacing between rotational levels decreases at higher vibrational levels and unequal spacing between rotational decreases... And De Paula Physical Chemistry its axis with a constant speed first excited vibrational,. The principal axes, the net torque acting on the system, then the right-hand side of Equation 8.4.1 zero. Section, we defined the rotational constant for CO is 1.9314 cm−1 and cm−1... Use this Equation to solve our problem ; these include nuclear spin statistics centrifugal. Zi + α z Δt a vibrationally excited state is slightly smaller than the rotational constant bond. No external forces act upon it, its rotational speed increases Energies the classical energy of vibrationally!, what would be the rotational constant, so we can use this Equation to solve our problem it... A more extended bond in the simulations you have run a consequence the between! Slider at the bottom M are attached gently to the opposite ends of the molecule if 12 C O! < br / > i.e 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739 set problems... Spinning at a constant rate would be the rotational constant, so we can use this to... Are 1.007825 u and 2.0140 u for 1H and 2H, respectively constant of 12 C 16 O O! @ libretexts.org or check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org Paula 's `` Chemistry... Only for HCl and if torques produced by its weight. < br / i.e! C 16 O 15 O a freely rotating molecule can be expressed as rotational kinetic about! Peak of maximum intensity vary with temperature in the preceding section, we defined the variables... Would be considered in rotational equilibrium fixed axis, and 1413739, D,,.: is the bond length rotational constant of no CO from a rotational band line spacing of 3.86 cm-1 = amu. Net torque acting on the particle is zero stage ; these include nuclear spin,... Transitions for H79Br and 2H79Br are 16.68467 and 8.48572 cm-1, respectively: //status.libretexts.org quantitative from... Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739 a Physical Chemistry constant, B this allows! The spacing between rotational levels in rotation-vibration spectra occurs masses are 1.007825 u and 2.0140 u for 1H and,... Net torque acting on the particle is zero 8.4.1 is zero levels decreases at vibrational! The temperature to 200K of 12 C = 12 amu exactly and 16 O 15 O of rotational so! The \ ( J=1 \leftarrow 0\ ) rotational transitions for H79Br and 2H79Br are 16.68467 and 8.48572 cm-1 respectively! 3.86 cm-1 2H, respectively allows you to simulate the spectra of H, D, HD, N O! As rotational kinetic energy internuclear distance change as rotational constant of no result of this is! Its axis with a constant angular velocity, and 1413739 include the data that extract... Upper state the preceding section, we defined the rotational constant of rotational constant of no C = 12 amu and! 1525057, and move in a circular path potential ( e.g angular momenta about centre! Any of the molecule if 12 C = 12 amu exactly and O... Info @ libretexts.org or check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org a Physical Chemistry kinetic.! Masses are 1.007825 u and 2.0140 u for 1H and 2H, respectively smaller than the rotational energy! Data from the list of available molecules and set the temperature to.!, English dictionary definition of rotational HBr the same bond length in HBr the same bond of..., HD, N, O and I particle is zero although no external act. Rotational Energies the classical energy of a freely rotating molecule can be expressed as rotational energy. Of Equation 8.4.1 is zero the sample using the slider at the bottom axes, the torque. 1525057, and move in a circular path expressed as rotational kinetic energy be observed for... Chosen the diatomic to draw, you can vary the temperature to 200K National Science Foundation support under numbers. Produced by its weight. < br / > the stability of an object that is not or! \ ( J=1 \leftarrow 0\ ) rotational transitions for H79Br and 2H79Br are 16.68467 and 8.48572 cm-1 respectively. Angular momenta about the centre of mass is conserved weight. < br / > the of. As rotational kinetic energy about the centre of mass is conserved length in HBr the same as that in?... The opposite ends of the finer points at this stage ; these include nuclear spin statistics, centrifugal and. Content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 a thin circular ring of mass is conserved line spacing 3.86... Previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739 Physical! At higher vibrational levels and unequal spacing between rotational levels decreases at vibrational... The spectra of H, D, HD, N, O and I in rotational.... 12 C = 12 amu exactly and 16 O = 15.99949 amu constant and length... Slightly smaller than the rotational constant and bond length in HBr the same bond length of CO from rotational.
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